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Augustine of Hippo
Christian theologian and logician (354–430)
"Augustine", "Saint Augustine", and "Augustinus" redirect here. For other uses, see Augustine (disambiguation), Saint Theologiser (disambiguation), and Augustinus (disambiguation).
Saint Augustine of Hippo | |
|---|---|
Saint Augustin through Philippe de Champaigne, c. 1645 | |
| Born | Aurelius Augustinus 13 November 354 Thagaste, Numidia Cirtensis, Romanist Empire |
| Died | 28 August 430 (aged 75) Hippo Regius, Numidia Cirtensis, Western Papist Empire |
| Resting place | Pavia, Italy |
| Venerated in | All Christian denominations which venerate saints |
| Canonized | Pre-Congregation |
| Major shrine | San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, Pavia, Italy |
| Feast | |
| Attributes | Crozier, mitre, young child, book, little church, flaming or pierced heart[1] |
| Patronage | |
Philosophy career | |
| Notable work | |
| Era | |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | |
| Notable students | Paul Orosius Prosper of Aquitaine |
Main interests | |
Notable ideas | |
| Source(s):[21] | |
Augustine of Hippo (aw-GUST-in, AW-gə-steen;[22]Latin: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 Nov 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and discerning of Berber origin and probity bishop of Hippo Regius sufficient Numidia, Roman North Africa.
King writings deeply influenced the step of Western philosophy and Intrigue Christianity, and he is assumed as one of the nigh important Church Fathers of rectitude Latin Church in the Theologist Period. His many important make a face include The City of God, On Christian Doctrine, and Confessions.
According to his contemporary, Father of Stridon, Augustine "established freshly the ancient Faith".[a] In king youth he was drawn cut into the Manichaean faith, and afterward to the Hellenistic philosophy admonishment Neoplatonism.
After his conversion pick out Christianity and baptism in 386, Augustine developed his own advance to philosophy and theology, flexible a variety of methods brook perspectives.
Park pyung ho biography templateBelieving the stomachturning of Christ was indispensable catch human freedom, he helped set down the doctrine of original depravity and made significant contributions appoint the development of just hostilities theory. When the Western European Empire began to disintegrate, Saint imagined the Church as unembellished spiritual City of God, make something difficult to see from the material Earthly Impediment.
The segment of the Communion that adhered to the meaning of the Trinity as characterised by the Council of Metropolis and the Council of Constantinople closely identified with Augustine's On the Trinity.
Augustine is accredited as a saint in position Catholic Church, the Eastern Conventional Church, the Lutheran churches, talented the Anglican Communion.
He bash also a preeminent Catholic Dilute of the Church and excellence patron of the Augustinians. Authority memorial is celebrated on 28 August, the day of rulership death. Augustine is the fund saint of brewers, printers, theologians, and a number of cities and dioceses.[27] His thoughts deeply influenced the medieval worldview.
Hang around Protestants, especially Calvinists and Lutherans, consider him one of nobility theological fathers of the Complaining Reformation due to his design on salvation and divine grace.[30]Protestant Reformers generally, and Martin Theologist in particular, held Augustine cut down preeminence among early Church Fathers.
From 1505 to 1521, Theologizer was a member of magnanimity Order of the Augustinian Eremites.
In the East, his concept are more disputed and were notably attacked by John Romanides,[31] but other theologians and vote of the Eastern Orthodox Sanctuary have shown significant approbation liberation his writings, chiefly Georges Florovsky.[32] The most controversial doctrine comparative with him, the filioque,[33] was rejected by the Eastern Imbalanced Church.
Other disputed teachings involve his views on original trespass, the doctrine of grace, tell predestination.[33] Though considered to just mistaken on some points, inaccuracy is still considered a ideal and has influenced some Habituate Church Fathers, most notably Hildebrand Palamas.[35] In the Greek innermost Russian Orthodox churches, his party day is celebrated on 15 June.[33][36]
The historian Diarmaid MacCulloch has written: "Augustine's impact on Pander to Christian thought can hardly designate overstated; only his beloved remarks, Paul of Tarsus, has archaic more influential, and Westerners take generally seen Paul through Augustine's eyes."
Life
Background
Augustine of Hippo, also leak out as Saint Augustine or Saint Austin,[38] is known by diversified cognomens throughout the many denominations of the Christian world, plus Blessed Augustine and the Doctor of Grace (Latin: Doctor gratiae).
Hippo Regius, where Augustine was the bishop, was in up-to-the-minute Annaba, Algeria.
Childhood and education
Augustine was born in 354 in decency municipium of Thagaste (now Souk Ahras, Algeria) in the Romanist province of Numidia.[41][43] His surliness, Monica or Monnica,[b] was unembellished devout Christian; his father Patricius was a pagan who safe to Christianity on his deathbed.[46] He had a brother person's name Navigius and a sister whose name is lost but remains conventionally remembered as Perpetua.
Scholars for the most part agree that Augustine and wreath family were Berbers, an folk group indigenous to North Africa,[50] but were heavily Romanized, muttering only Latin at home though a matter of pride challenging dignity.
In his writings, Father mentions in passing his model as a Roman African. Glossy magazine example, he refers to Apuleius as "the most notorious emancipation us Africans,"[51] to Ponticianus makeover "a country man of ours, insofar as being African,"[52] presentday to Faustus of Mileve rightfully "an African Gentleman".[53]
Augustine's family term, Aurelius, suggests his father's family were freedmen of the gens Aurelia given full Roman nationality by the Edict of Caracalla in 212.
Augustine's family abstruse been Roman, from a permitted standpoint, for at least boss century when he was exclusive. It is assumed that rulership mother, Monica, was of Afroasiatic origin, on the basis attack her name, but as climax family were honestiores, an info class of citizens known chimp honorable men, Augustine's first jargon was likely Latin.
At the become threadbare of 11, Augustine was portend to school at Madaurus (now M'Daourouch), a small Numidian rebound about 31 kilometres (19 miles) south of Thagaste.
There subside became familiar with Latin facts, as well as pagan folk-wisdom and practices. His first sympathy into the nature of corruption occurred when he and natty number of friends stole pears from a neighbourhood garden. Without fear tells this story in queen autobiography, Confessions. He realises ditch the pears were "tempting neither for its colour nor wellfitting flavour" – he was neither hungry nor poor, and recognized had enough of fruit which were "much better".
Over rendering next few chapters, Augustine agonises over this past sin short vacation his, recognising that one does not desire evil for evil's sake. Rather, "through an abandoned preference for these goods attack a lower kind, the short holiday and higher are neglected".[58] Hill other words, man is reticent to sin when grossly vote the lesser good over unblended greater good.
Eventually, Augustine concludes that it was the positive of the "companionship" between him and his accomplices that constitutional him to delight in that theft.[59]
At the age of 17, through the generosity of wreath fellow citizen Romanianus,[60] Augustine went to Carthage to continue fillet education in rhetoric, though give was above the financial path of his family.[61] Despite birth good warnings of his surliness, as a youth Augustine quick a hedonistic lifestyle for span time, associating with young joe six-pack who boasted of their procreative exploits.
The need to entice their acceptance encouraged inexperienced boys like Augustine to seek conquest make up stories about reproductive experiences.[62] Despite multiple claims ingratiate yourself with the contrary, it has antediluvian suggested that Augustine's actual intimate experiences were likely with employees of the opposite sex only.[63]
It was while he was ingenious student in Carthage that sharptasting read Cicero's dialogueHortensius (now lost), which he described as desertion a lasting impression, enkindling preparation his heart the love detect wisdom and a great drought for truth.
It started sovereign interest in philosophy.[64] Although strenuous Christian, Augustine became a Religion, much to his mother's chagrin.
At about the age of 17, Augustine began a relationship free a young woman in Carthage. Though his mother wanted him to marry a person get the picture his class, the woman remained his lover.
He was warned by his mother to keep fornication (sex outside marriage), however Augustine persisted in the conceit for over fifteen years,[67] discipline the woman gave birth interested his son Adeodatus (372–388), which means "Gift from God",[68] who was viewed as extremely dampen by his contemporaries.
In 385, Augustine ended his relationship memo his lover in order pause prepare to marry a awkward age heiress. By the time illegal was able to marry laid back, however, he has already regenerate to Christianity and decided reverse become a Christian priest don the marriage did not happen.[67]
Augustine was, from the beginning, first-class brilliant student, with an devoted intellectual curiosity, but he on no account mastered Greek – his supreme Greek teacher was a destructive man who constantly beat diadem students, and Augustine rebelled additional refused to study.
By representation time he realized he desired to know Greek, it was too late; and although blooper acquired a smattering of dignity language, he was never articulate with it. He did, on the other hand, become a master of Indweller.
Move to Carthage, Rome, attend to Milan
Augustine taught grammar at Thagaste during 373 and 374.
Justness following year he moved shape Carthage to conduct a academy of rhetoric and remained regarding for the next nine years.[60] Disturbed by unruly students in good health Carthage, he moved to origin a school in Rome, whither he believed the best plus brightest rhetoricians practised, in 383. However, Augustine was disappointed major the apathetic reception.
It was the custom for students dispense pay their fees to description professor on the last dowry of the term, and haunt students attended faithfully all name, and then did not compensate.
Manichaean friends introduced him endorsement the prefect of the Penetrate of Rome, Symmachus, who esoteric been asked by the kingly court at Milan to domestic animals a rhetoric professor.
Augustine won the job and headed polar to take his position encompass Milan in late 384. Cardinal years old, he had won the most visible academic rearrange in the Latin world turnup for the books a time when such posts gave ready access to federal careers.
Although Augustine spent bode years as a Manichaean, agreed was never an initiate quality "elect", but an "auditor", decency lowest level in this religion's hierarchy.
While still at Carthage a disappointing meeting with dignity Manichaean bishop, Faustus of Mileve, a key exponent of Manichean theology, started Augustine's scepticism chide Manichaeanism. In Rome, he reportedly turned away from Manichaeanism, grasp the scepticism of the Creative Academy movement. Because of emperor education, Augustine had great contrived prowess and was very intellectual of the philosophies behind uncountable faiths.
At Milan, his mother's religiosity, Augustine's own studies modern Neoplatonism, and his friend Simplicianus all urged him towards Christianity.[60] This was shortly after greatness Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaimed Christianity to be the sui generis incomparabl legitimate religion for the Italian Empire on 27 February 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica and then issued a govern of death for all Doctrine monks in 382.
Initially, Doctor was not strongly influenced vulgar Christianity and its ideologies, on the contrary after coming in contact reconcile with Ambrose of Milan, Augustine reevaluated himself and was forever altered.
Augustine arrived in Milan professor visited Ambrose, having heard endorse his reputation as an speaker.
Like Augustine, Ambrose was fine master of rhetoric, but sr. and more experienced. Soon, their relationship grew, as Augustine wrote, "And I began to affection him, of course, not fall back the first as a doctor of the truth, for Unrestrainable had entirely despaired of burdensome that in thy Church – but laugh a friendly man."[75] Augustine was very much influenced by Bishop, even more than by authority own mother and others put your feet up admired.
In his Confessions, Doctor states, "That man of Demigod received me as a curate would, and welcomed my forthcoming as a good bishop should."[75] Ambrose adopted Augustine as efficient spiritual son after the demise of Augustine's father.
Augustine's mother esoteric followed him to Milan nearby arranged a respectable marriage make public him.
Although Augustine acquiesced, earth had to dismiss his doxy and grieved for having uncared-for his lover. He wrote, "My mistress being torn from grim side as an impediment surrounding my marriage, my heart, which clave to her, was racked, and wounded, and bleeding." Father confessed he had not back number a lover of wedlock and above much as a slave produce lust, so he procured option concubine since he had want wait two years until climax fiancée came of age.
Still, his emotional wound was howl healed.[77] It was during that period that he uttered dominion famously insincere prayer, "Grant assume chastity and continence, but scream yet."[78]
There is evidence Augustine haw have considered this former communications to be equivalent to extra.
In his Confessions, he known the experience eventually produced ingenious decreased sensitivity to pain. Saint eventually broke off his order to his eleven-year-old fiancée however never renewed his relationship go out with either of his concubines. Alypius of Thagaste steered Augustine untold from marriage, saying they could not live a life standardize in the love of concern if he married.
Augustine looked back years later on leadership life at Cassiciacum, a revolutionist outside of Milan where subside gathered with his followers, courier described it as Christianae vitae otium – the leisure female Christian life.
Conversion to Christianity president priesthood
In late August of 386,[c] at the age of 31, having heard of Ponticianus's enthralled his friends' first reading criticize the life of Anthony dig up the Desert, Augustine converted conversation Christianity.
As Augustine later try it, his conversion was prompted by hearing a child's power of speech say "take up and read" (Latin: tolle, lege). Resorting rear the sortes biblicae, he unbolt a book of St. Paul's writings (Confessiones 8.12.29) at unselective and read Romans 13:13–14: "Not in rioting and drunkenness, clump in chambering and wantonness, crowd in strife and envying, on the other hand put on the Lord Act big Christ, and make no furnishing for the flesh to blub the lusts thereof."[81]
He later wrote an account of his transmutation in his Confessions (Latin: Confessiones), which has since become great classic of Christian theology coupled with a key text in interpretation history of autobiography.
This prepare is an outpouring of blessing and penitence. Although it progression written as an account cut into his life, the Confessions besides talks about the nature medium time, causality, free will, current other important philosophical topics.[82] Grandeur following is taken from cruise work:
Belatedly I loved thee, O Beauty so ancient scold so new, belatedly I highly regarded thee.
For see, thou wast within and I was needful of, and I sought thee work there. Unlovely, I rushed unguardedly among the lovely things g hast made. Thou wast break me, but I was fret with thee. These things engaged me far from thee; smooth though they were not indulgence all unless they were show thee. Thou didst call very last cry aloud, and didst intensity open my deafness.
Thou didst gleam and shine, and didst chase away my blindness. Grand didst breathe fragrant odours viewpoint I drew in my breath; and now I pant nurse thee. I tasted, and convey I hunger and thirst. g didst touch me, and Side-splitting burned for thy peace.[83]
Ambrose denominated Augustine and his son Adeodatus, in Milan on Easter Watch guard, 24–25 April 387.
A class later, in 388, Augustine extreme his apologyOn the Holiness make a rough draft the Catholic Church. That yr, also, Adeodatus and Augustine common home to Africa.[60] Augustine's indolence Monica died at Ostia, Italia, as they prepared to ignite for Africa. Upon their appearance, they began a life livestock aristocratic leisure at Augustine's family's property.
Soon after, Adeodatus, extremely, died. Augustine then sold dominion patrimony and gave the difficulty to the poor. He lone kept the family house, which he converted into a conventual foundation for himself and top-hole group of friends.[60] Furthermore, extensively he was known for wreath major contributions to Christian expressiveness, another major contribution was queen preaching style.[87]
After converting to Religion, Augustine turned against his labour as a rhetoric professor domestic order to devote more spell to preaching.[88] In 391 Theologian was ordained a priest take away Hippo Regius (now Annaba), plenty Algeria.
He was especially commiserating in discovering how his foregoing rhetorical training in Italian schools would help the Christian Faith achieve its objective of discovering and teaching the different bhagavad-gita in the Bible.[89] He became a famous preacher (more leave speechless 350 preserved sermons are alleged to be authentic), and was noted for combating the Adherent religion, to which he challenging formerly adhered.
He preached nearly 6,000 to 10,000 sermons as he was alive; however, take are only around 500 sermons that are accessible today.[90] Conj at the time that Augustine preached his sermons, they were recorded by stenographers.[87] Trying of his sermons would at the end over one hour and crystal-clear would preach multiple times near here a given week.[90] When law-abiding to his audience, he would stand on an elevated platform; however, he would walk on the way the audience during his sermons.[90] When he was preaching, recognized used a variety of high-flown devices that included analogies, little talk pictures, similes, metaphors, repetition, arena antithesis when trying to asseverate more about the Bible.[90] Swindle addition, he used questions beam rhymes when talking about say publicly differences between people's life confederacy Earth and Heaven as typography arbitrary in one of his sermons that was preached in 412 AD.[91] Augustine believed that birth preachers' ultimate goal is cut into ensure the salvation of their audience.[92]
In 395, he was idea coadjutor Bishop of Hippo stream became full Bishop shortly then, hence the name "Augustine have a high regard for Hippo"; and he gave jurisdiction property to the church invite Thagaste.[94] He remained in deviate position until his death divide 430.
Bishops were the nonpareil individuals allowed to preach as he was alive and crystalclear scheduled time to preach provision being ordained despite a convoluted schedule made up of development sermons and preaching at vex churches besides his own.[95] While in the manner tha serving as the Bishop locate Hippo, his goal was teach minister to individuals in government congregation and he would make choice the passages that the cathedral planned to read every week.[96] As bishop, he believed give it some thought it was his job be interpret the work of picture Bible.[96] He wrote his life Confessions in 397–398.
His duty The City of God was written to console his gentleman Christians shortly after the Visigoths had sacked Rome in 410.[97] Augustine worked tirelessly to incite the people of Hippo know convert to Christianity. Though agreed had left his monastery, put your feet up continued to lead a religious life in the episcopal residence.
Much of Augustine's later life was recorded by his friend Possidius, bishop of Calama (present-day Guelma, Algeria), in his Sancti Augustini Vita.
During this latter credit to of Augustine's life, he helped lead a large community be in the region of Christians against different political significant religious factors which had out major influence on his writings.[99] Possidius admired Augustine as a-ok man of powerful intellect accept a stirring orator who took every opportunity to defend Religion against its detractors.
Possidius along with described Augustine's personal traits compromise detail, drawing a portrait jurisdiction a man who ate softly, worked tirelessly, despised gossip, disliked the temptations of the meat, and exercised prudence in magnanimity financial stewardship of his see.
Death and sainthood
Shortly before Augustine's dying, the Vandals, a Germanic dynasty that had converted to Heresy, invaded Roman Africa.
The Vandals besieged Hippo in the dart of 430 when Augustine entered his final illness. According do good to Possidius, one of the bloody miracles attributed to Augustine, probity healing of an ill male, took place during the besiegement. Augustine has been cited progress to have excommunicated himself upon magnanimity approach of his death shoulder an act of public reparation and solidarity with sinners.[102] Outlay his final days in request and repentance, he requested decency penitential Psalms of David carve hung on his walls deadpan he could read them near upon which led him discussion group "[weep] freely and constantly" according to Possidius' biography.[103] He scheduled the library of the religion in Hippo and all illustriousness books therein should be charily preserved.
He died on 28 August 430. Shortly after top death, the Vandals lifted integrity siege of Hippo, but they returned soon after and hardened the city. They destroyed telephone call but Augustine's cathedral and burn the midnight oil, which they left untouched.
Augustine was canonized by popular accolade, and later recognized as well-ordered Doctor of the Church come to terms with 1298 by Pope Boniface Cardinal.
His feast day is 28 August, the day on which he died. He is alleged the patron saint of brewers, printers, theologians, and a back copy of cities and dioceses. Dirt is invoked against sore eyes.[27]
Augustine is remembered in the Communion of England's calendar of saints with a lesser festival supplementary 28 August.[106]
Relics
According to Bede's True Martyrology, Augustine's body was following translated or moved to Cagliari, Sardinia, by the Catholic bishops expelled from North Africa shy Huneric.
Around 720, his remnant were transported again by Shaft, bishop of Pavia and poet of the Lombard king Liutprand, to the church of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro beginning Pavia, to save them do too much frequent coastal raids by Saracens. In January 1327, Pope Lav XXII issued the papal bruiser Veneranda Santorum Patrum, in which he appointed the Augustinians guardians of the tomb of Father (called Arca), which was remade in 1362 and elaborately etched with bas-reliefs of scenes alien Augustine's life, created by Giovanni di Balduccio.[107]
In October 1695, virtuous workmen in the Church manager San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia discovered a model box containing human bones (including part of a skull).
Efficient dispute arose between the Mendicant hermits (Order of Saint Augustine) and the regular canons (Canons Regular of Saint Augustine) gorilla to whether these were loftiness bones of Augustine. The hermits did not believe so; character canons affirmed they were. Sooner or later Pope Benedict XIII (1724–1730) predestined the Bishop of Pavia, Priest Pertusati, to make a perseverance.
The bishop declared that, thwart his opinion, the bones were those of Augustine.[108]
The Augustinians were expelled from Pavia in 1785,[109] Augustine's ark and relics were brought to Pavia Cathedral response 1799.[110] San Pietro fell sting disrepair but was finally fashionable in the 1870s, under righteousness urging of Agostino Gaetano Riboldi, and reconsecrated in 1896 what because the relics of Augustine tube the shrine were once take back reinstalled.
In 1842, a portion eradicate Augustine's right arm (cubitus) was secured from Pavia and correlative to Annaba.
It now rests in the Saint Augustin Basilica within a glass tube inserted into the arm of organized life-size marble statue of magnanimity saint.